Eco

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Definition

Meaning of personality

Meaning of personality – Personality is a patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes and ideas of an individual as these are organized externally into roles and statuses and as they relate internally to motivation, goals and various aspects of self hood.

According to Linton, personality embraces the total organized aggregate of psychological processes and status pertaining to the individual. Personality says Maclver is all that an individual is and has experienced so far as this all can be comprehended as unity. According to Lundberg the term personality refers to the habits, attitudes and other social traits that are characteristic of a given individual’s behavior.

Meaning of Attitude – A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli).

Development of Personality –

1. Personality development plays a crucial role in success of an organization

2. Personality development sessions go a long way in grooming individuals for them to deliver their level best and eventually contribute towards the success of an organization.

3. Employees need to work in unison for their organization to grow and yield higher profits

4. Personality development enhances one’s personality and makes an individual a mature professional who can contribute effectively towards the success of an organization.


Personality Traits
–
Enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behaviour.•

The Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)•
The Big Five Model

 Myers Briggs Type Indicator

•

Personality test to determine how people usually act or
feel in particular situations.

Classifications:
–
Extroverted (E) or Introverted (I)
Sensing (S) or Intuitive (I)
Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P) or Judging (J)

Combined to form types, for example:

ESTJ
INTJ
ENTP

The Big Five Model

Classifications

Extra version
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience

Transactional Analysis -- Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous 'parent adult child' theory is still being developed today. Transactional Analysis has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic, organizational and personal development, encompassing communications, management, personality, relationships and behaviour. Whether you're in business, a parent, a social worker or interested in personal development, Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis theories, and those of his followers, will enrich your dealings with people, and your understanding of yourself. This section covers the background to Transactional Analysis, and Transactional Analysis underpinning theory.

EGO STATES

According to Berne, we all have three major ego states that affect our behavior or the way we transact. The three ego states are the parent, child, and adult. We change ego states throughout the day, and even during a single discussion a series of transactions can take place between different ego states. Your parent, child, and adult ego states interact with other people's parent, child, and adult ego states. Understanding the ego state of the person
you are interacting with can help you to understand his or her behavior and how to transact in an effective way.
Parent Ego State

When the parent ego is in control, people behave from one of two perspectives:

1. Critical Parent. When you behave and respond with evaluative responses that are critical, judgmental, opinionated, demanding, disapproving, disciplining, and so on, you are in critical parent ego state. People in the critical parent ego use a lot of do's and don'ts. Managers using the autocratic style tend to be in critical parent ego state because they use high task/directive behavior.

2. Sympathetic Parent. On the other hand, you can also be a different type of parent. When you behave and respond with reassuring response that are protecting, permitting, consoling, caring, nurturing, and so on, you are in sympathetic parent ego state. Managers using the consultative and participative styles tend to be in sympathetic parent ego state because they are using high supportive/relationship behavior.

3. Child Ego State
When the child ego state is in control, people behave from one of two perspectives:

1. Natural Child. When you behave and respond with probing responses that shows curiosity, intimacy, fun,
joyfulness, fantasy, impulsiveness, and so on, you are in natural child ego state. Successful managers do not
tend to continuously operate from the natural child ego state.

2. Adapted Child. When you behave with confronting responses that express rebelliousness, pouting, anger, fear, anxiety, inadequacy, procrastination, blaming others, and so on, you are in adapted child ego state.

Identifying their ego state will help you understand why they are behaving the way they are and help you to determine which ego state you should use during the interaction

this slide is the easiest and fastest explanation for Johari Window i can find ..

Johari Window 


1. Nature of Attitude --  Attitude  “is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.”That is, attitudes affect behavior at a different level than do values ..

\Attitudes are positive, negative or neutral views of an "attitude object": i.e. a person, behaviour or event. They reflect how one feels about something.

The Nature and Dimensions of Attitudes

“Attitudes” 

 Persistent tendency to feel and behave in a particular way towards some object ..

 Characteristics of Attitudes ..

 They tend to persist unless something is done to change them.

 They can fall anywhere along a continuum from very favorable to very unfavorable. 

  They are directed toward some object about which a person has feelings and beliefs.

Attitude Components 

Cognitive component The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

Affective Component The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. 

Behavioral Component An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. 

Developing and Maintaining a Positive Attitude

1.     Self talk
2.     Changing negative self talk into positive self talk
3.     Visualize the positives
4.     Look on the bright side
5.     Attack problems head on
6.     Avoid procrastination
7.     Smile
8.     Make work fun
9.     Be open minded

 Tips: Developing and Maintaining a Positive Attitude

1.     Identify roadblocks
2.     Identify the worst case scenario
3.     Avoid negative thoughts
4.     Dress the part
5.     Maintain a well balanced life
6.     Don’t dwell on the past or worry about the future
7.     Don’t take rejection personally
8.     Avoid mind reading
9.     Show interest in others

.
Keeping Your Attitude at Peak Power
.
Actions Flow From Your Attitude

    Once you develop a positive attitude, it makes sense to take steps to safeguard it – and every now and then, to also give it a tune-up.



 Safeguarding Your Attitude

        What are some of your most important assets?

        When you think of your positive attitude as an asset, does it occur to you that your attitude can be stolen?

. #1 Solve Personal Conflicts Quickly

        The tension that accompanies an unresolved conflict can eat away at your positive attitude, and the longer it eats away, the more you stand to lose.

. #2 Take the High Road

        When people behave unreasonably or unfairly, take the high road; don’t drop to their level.

        When someone behaves unreasonably or unfairly, stop for a moment and remember: you have a choice.

. #3 Insulate or Distance Yourself

        When you have repeated conflicts with someone, insulate or distance yourself.

        Focus on the work.

        Change your traffic pattern.

 Putting a Twist on a Negative Attitude

1.     Take a time out
2.     Determine what is making you feel negative
3.     Develop a plan
4.     Focus on the existing positives
5.     Look ahead
6.     Develop relationships with positive individuals
7.     Surround yourself with things that make you smile

 In a Rut?

1.     Isolate the problem
2.     View options and solutions
3.     Keep things in perspective
4.     Be flexible
5.     Consider a change
6.     Seek new friends
7.     Join an organization
8.     Change your appearance
9.     Get involved in activities

. Your Attitude Belongs to You

        Remember that your attitude belongs to you and to you alone.

        No one can steal your positive attitude unless you are an accomplice.


 

Introduction to Organisational Behaviour: Definition, Importance, Scope, Fundamental Concepts of OB, Different models of OB - autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial and SOBC

Meaning  of organizational behavior – 

Organizational behavior is the study of the way people interact within the organization and groups. Normally this study is applied in an attempt to create more efficient business organization .
In other words Organizational behavior can be defined as the understanding, prediction and management of the human behavior
affect the performance of the organizations .

Definition of organizational behavior –-

Effective organizational behavior is the bedrock on which effective organizational action rests . Long term competitive advantage comes from the rich portfolio of  individual and team based competencies of an organization’s employees , managers and leaders .

By Hellriegal and Slocum

"Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness."

By  Stephen P. Robbins

Organizational behavior is the study and application at knowledge about the how people - as individuals and a groups - act within organization. It strives to identify ways in which people can act more effectively."

By Keith Davis

Importance of organizational behavior –

1. Organizational behavior gives map for the peoples in the organization
2. Organizational behavior help in predicting and understanding the peoples behavior in organization
3. Organizational behavior  help to influence organizational events
4. Organizational behavior help to understand the organization’s approach to the people
5. Organizational behavior  is the base for the motivation
6. Organizational behavior is useful in maintaining custodial industrial relations
7. Organizational behavior is useful in field in marketing 

The scope of Organizational behavior

It involves three levels of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups and structure.

1. Individual Behavior

• Personality
• Perception
• Values and Attitudes
• Learning
• Motivation

2. Group Behavior

• Work groups and group dynamics
• Dynamics of conflict
• Communication
• Leadership
• Morale

3. Organization: Structure, Process and Application

• Organizational Climate
• Organizational Culture
• Organizational Change
• Organizational Effectiveness
• Organizational Development

Fundamental Concepts of Organizational Behavior 

Nature of people

Individual differences

Nature vs. nurture

Perception

 The unique way in which each person sees, organizes and interprets things.

Selective perception cause misinterpretation

A whole person
 We employ the whole person not just their brains or skills 

Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population

Motivated behavior
 A path towards increased need fulfillment is a better approach

Desire for involvement

Hunger for a change to care what they know and to learn from the experience.

Organizations need to provide opportunities for meaningful involvement – employee empowerment

Value of the person

Worth before the word
meal before the message
they want to be treated differently from other factors of production

Nature of organization 

Social systems or social structure

In general refer to entities or groups in definite relation to each other, to relatively enduring patterns of behavior and relationship within social systems, or to social institutions and norms becoming embedded into social systems in such a way that they shape the behavior of actors within those social systems. Social systems can be said to be the patterns of behavior of a group of people possessing similar characteristics due to their existence in same society. 

Formal and informal social systems 

The idea of a social system provides a framework for analyzing organizational behavior issues. It helps make OB problems understandable and manageable

Mutual interest

Symbiotic relationship between organizations and people 

Provides a superordinate goal – one that can attained only through the integral effort of individuals and their employers.

 Ethics

 Treatment of employees in an ethical fashion

 Establish code of ethics, publicized statements of ethical values, provide ethics trainings, reward employees for notable ethical behaviors, set up internal procedure to handle misconduct.

Different models of OB - autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial and SOBC

 

SOBC MODEL --

• SOBC MODEL --  STIMULUS-ORGANISM-BEHAVIOR-CONSEQUENCES
• SOBC MODEL Organism Behavior Stimulus Consequences {individual } {action} {Cause} { result}
• SOBC The Stimulus Is the cause that may be overt or covert, physical,social, psychological, technological, environmental etc.The Organism Can be individual or a group. They have cognitive mediators with physiological existence.The Consequences Are expressed as the results that may be overt or covert.Positive or negative and can have effects on environmental dynamics and applications.
• SOBC model is based on the very practical philosophy of human behavior that: every behavior is caused & follows the Cause- Effect relationship.

Alternative forms of investment

1. Non-marketable financial assets 

• bank deposits 
• post office deposits
• company deposits
• provident fund deposits 

2. Equity shares 

• blue chip shares 
• growth shares 
• income shares
• cyclical shares
• speculative shares 

 3. Bonds

• Government securities
• Government of India relief bonds
• Government agency securities
• PSU bonds
• Debentures of private sector companies
• Preference shares  

4. Money market instruments

• Treasury bills
• Commercial paper
• Certificates of deposit 

5. Mutual funds

• Equity schemes
• Debt schemes
• Balanced schemes

6. Life insurance

• Endowment assurance policy
• Money life policy
• Whole life policy
• Term assurance policy

7. Real estate

• Agricultural land
• Semi-urban land
• Time share in a holiday resort

8. Precious objects

• Gold and silver
• Precious stones
• Art objects

9. Financial derivatives

• Options
• Futures   

Fundamental analysis and technical analysis in investment management

Fundamental analysis -  To determine the intrinsic value of the equity stock, the security analyst must forecast the earning and dividends expected from the stock and choose the discount rate which reflects the riskiness of the stock .  this is  what is involved in  fundamental analysis perhaps the most popular method used by investment managers

Types of fundamental analysis

Macroeconomic analysis

1. Growth rate of gross domestic product
2. industrial growth rate
3. agriculture and monsoon
4. savings and investment
5. government budget deficits
6. price level and inflation
7. interest rates
8. balance of payment, forex reserves and exchange rate
9. infrastructural facilities and arrangements
10. sentiments

Industry analysis

1. Industry life cycle analysis
2. Study of the structure and characteristics of an industry
3. profit potential of industries (porter model)

Company analysis ( financials)

1. Earning and dividend level
2. Growth performance
3. Risk exposure
4. Valuation multiples 

Technical analysis - technical analysis of security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices today study all the parts market data, primary price and volume .

Types of technical analysis

Chart analysis

1.  the Dow theory
2. bar and line charts
3. point and figure chart
4. relative strength analysis

Meaning of sales analysis ,Sales forecasting,Categories of sales forecasting method , Sales analysis process,Advertising research,Types,Product research,process

Meaning of sales analysis – A careful examination of a company’s sales records that is done to measure the company’s performance and to try and improve it ..

Sales forecasting is a process of estimating what your business’s sales going to be the future ..

 Categories of sales forecasting method

Qualitative vs quantitative
Native approach
Time series method
Casual / econometric model
Judgmental method
Artificial intelligence method

detailed chart of sales forecasting ... 

 Sales analysis process --

1. Get the bearings
2. Create a framework
3. Scale bright spots

Advertising research – advertising research is a specialized form of marketing research conducted to improve the efficiency of marketing .

Types of advertising research ==

1. Pre–testing
2. Campaign pre-testing
3. Post-testing

Product research – product research is a component of market research where by the characteristic of a goods or service , that will satisfy a recognized need or wants are identified ..

Process of product research –

1. Market research
2. Concept testing
3. Prototype development
4. Market testing
5. Product launch